FUTURISM · WORK

Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Umberto Boccioni · 1913

A bronze man caught mid-stride, his body torn open into wings of flame by his own speed, built in plaster in 1913 by an artist who died three years later and never saw it cast in metal, and now small enough to ride in your pocket on the Italian 20-cent coin.

The canvas
Tap to zoom
Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913. Bronze (cast posthumously from the 1913 plaster). About 3 ft 8 in tall (figure); 3 ft 11¾ in with base (Met bronze).
Casts at MoMA and the Metropolitan Museum, New York; the Tate, London; the Museo del Novecento, Milan; and elsewhere. Original 1913 plaster at MAC USP, São Paulo.. Met bronze: Bequest of Lydia Winston Malbin, 1989 (accession 1990.38.3)
Look closer
Find these on the canvas above
  1. The striding muscular legs
    The lower half: the two thick legs, one driving forward, one trailing behind.
    The legs are the engine of the whole figure: heavy, frankly muscular, mid-stride with the weight thrown forward onto the leading foot. Everything above them is being dragged and reshaped by that motion. This is where the sculpture is most plainly a body walking rather than an abstract shape, so start here, and the rest of the figure reads as what the walking does to a body.
  2. The flame- and wind-like flanges
    The torso, back, and thighs, where curved fins and blades of metal peel off the body’s surface and stream backward.
    The figure’s skin does not close. It splits open into wing- or flame-shaped flanges that flare and stream behind the body, as if the air is carving the man as he pushes through it. This is the work’s signature feature, and it is the literal form Boccioni’s manifesto demanded: no finished line, no sealed surface, the body opened out into the space around it.
  3. The arms that aren’t there
    The shoulders and sides, where arms would hang, there are none.
    Boccioni left the figure armless. The flanges flare from the torso and thighs where arms should be. The work is often read against two famous armless precedents, the ancient Greek Winged Victory (Nike) of Samothrace and Rodin’s striding Walking Man, though that is a reading by later scholars, not a documented statement of Boccioni’s intent. The effect of cutting the arms is to turn a man into pure forward force.
  4. The wake of motion
    Behind and around the figure, the trailing curves that seem to belong to the air, not the man.
    These backward-streaming forms are not clothing and not anatomy. They are the trail of the stride made solid, Boccioni’s “plastic dynamism,” the idea that a moving body and the space it disturbs are one continuous form. The “continuity in space” of the title is exactly this: the figure does not stop at its own edge.
  5. The aerodynamic torso
    The chest and midsection, swept and streamlined as if built to move through air.
    The torso reads less like a ribcage than like a hull or a fuselage: streamlined, faceted, shoved by speed. Futurism loved the machine, and the body here is half man, half engine. On the polished bronze casts the metal sharpens that machine quality further, which is one more reason the bronze, however unauthorized, fits the work so well.
  6. The two block footings, not a plinth
    The base, where the figure rises off two small block-like supports rather than a single grand pedestal.
    Boccioni’s manifesto attacked the statue sealed onto its pedestal, shut off from the world. Here the figure strides off two small blocks, one under each foot, not a grand plinth, so it reads as going somewhere rather than posed for display. It is not floating or baseless; it has those minimal footings. But the difference from a traditional statue on its column is the whole point.
The story · 5 chapters
~18 min total
1
Milan · 1909–12
The movement that wanted to sculpt speed
Marinetti launches Futurism with a front-page manifesto worshipping the machine and the racing car, and Boccioni, the movement’s chief sculptor, writes the theory of a statue with no closed surface and no pedestal before he ever makes one.
2
The studio
Plaster, not bronze
Boccioni models the figure in plaster in 1913: a striding human form with no fixed outline, the arms stripped away, the surfaces peeling back into flame-shaped flanges. He never casts it in metal. He calls what he is after “plastic dynamism.”
3
The figure
A man with no outline
Read the sculpture itself: the heavy striding legs, the flame- and wind-like flanges streaming off the body, the missing arms, the aerodynamic torso, the wake of motion made solid, and the two block footings instead of a grand plinth.
4
Verona · 1916
Dead at thirty-three
Boccioni goes to war, and the man who glorified speed and the machine is killed not by a machine but by a horse, thrown during a cavalry training exercise, dead of his injuries at thirty-three, with the figure still only plaster.
5
After
The bronzes he never saw, and the coin in your pocket
The first bronzes are cast in 1931, fifteen years after his death; more follow, some cast from other bronzes. The version the world knows is one the artist never authorized, and Italy put it on the 20-cent euro coin, so the most reproduced Futurist sculpture rides in millions of pockets.
1913
Modeled
~3 ft 8 in
Figure height
Bronze (posthumous)
Now known as
Provenance
Every hand it passed through
1913
Umberto Boccioni (the artist)
Milan
Modeled in plaster in 1913. Boccioni never cast the work in bronze in his lifetime; the only version he made was the plaster.
1916
Boccioni dies
near Verona
Killed at thirty-three of injuries after being thrown from a horse during a cavalry training exercise in the First World War. The work still existed only as plaster.
1913–today
the original
The original plasterMuseum
São Paulo
The surviving 1913 plaster is at the Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo (MAC USP), Brazil. It is the only version Boccioni himself made.
1931
posthumous cast
First bronzes (posthumous)Museum
New York
The first two bronze casts are made in 1931, fifteen years after Boccioni’s death. One is at the Museum of Modern Art, which dates its cast “1913, cast 1931 or 1934,” keeping its own hedge on the exact year.
1950
bequest
The Metropolitan Museum of ArtMuseum
New York
The Met’s bronze, which the Met dates “1913, cast 1950,” came to the museum as the Bequest of Lydia Winston Malbin, 1989 (accession 1990.38.3): 47¾ × 35 × 15¾ in, 200 lb. A second mid-century cast went to the Museo del Novecento, Milan.
1972–today
posthumous casts
Further casts, and the euro coinMuseum
London / Milan / Rome
A further group of bronzes was cast in 1972. The Tate, London, cast is associated with this batch, and several 1972 casts were taken not from the plaster but from one of the existing mid-century bronzes, a cast of a cast. In the late 1990s Italy chose the figure for the 20-cent euro coin, in circulation since 2002.