The Third-Class Carriage

The cheapest seats on the new railway, packed with the urban poor, tired, dignified, and painted by a man the world only knew as a cartoonist.

1. 1
   The mother and the baby

   Front bench, far left

   A young woman sits at the left end of the bench, head bowed, cradling an infant wrapped in her lap. Hers is one of the most tenderly worked passages in the whole picture, lit softly by the windows behind her, and it is doing the quiet emotional work of the painting: ordinary, unposed care, given the same weight as anything else in the frame.
2. 2
   The old woman and her basket

   Front bench, dead center

   The most finished face in the painting belongs to the old woman in the middle, framed by a pale cream head-wrap, a hood of light cloth that is the single brightest passage in this dark picture, so your eye lands on her first of all. Beneath it: a face deeply lined, eyes forward, exhausted, both hands folded over the handle of a woven wicker basket on her lap. She is not grieving or pleading or telling a story, she is just sitting, the way people sit on a long ride, and that flat ordinariness is exactly the point.
3. 3
   The sleeping boy

   Front bench, right end

   At the right end of the bench a boy has slumped over asleep, head dropped, the way children give out on a long journey. A dark box or chest, luggage, sits in the lower-right corner beside him. He completes the little family unit on the front bench: youth, motherhood, and age, three ages of the poor, lined up on one hard seat.
4. 4
   The crowd, dissolving backward

   The whole upper register, behind the bench

   Behind the front three, rows of anonymous passengers, men in tall hats and caps, women in bonnets, recede into the dim car, and the farther back they go the sketchier and more ghostly the faces become (the unfinished paint exaggerates it). Nobody back there is an individual; they are the crowd, the mass of the modern city packed into a moving box.
5. 5
   The two windows

   Upper left

   Two pale rectangles of window are the only real light in the carriage. Everything else is brown, low, and enclosed. The light falls forward onto the three figures on the front bench and leaves the back of the car in murk, which is why your eye lands on the mother, the old woman, and the boy before it even registers the crowd.
6. 6
   The grid he never painted over

   Across the unfinished passages, clearest in the upper-left window area

   Look closely and you can see straight ruled lines and the drawn contours of figures showing right through the thin paint. This is the squaring grid, the scaffolding an artist drew to copy and enlarge a composition accurately, which was supposed to vanish under the finished paint. The picture was abandoned before that happened, so the bones of the method are left bare on the surface.